“The RToken peg is maintained by allowing full minting and redeeming for the underlying collateral on-chain (Source)”.

But what if the arbitrage mechanism between the chain and secondary exchanges fails? Potential deviations can cause mistrust, leading to panic selling and potential system collapse.

I use this post to think about potential risks, arbitrage, and solutions to maintain trust and price stability. Arbitrage isn’t just a feature — it’s the first line of defense.

Risks to Arbitrage and Peg Maintenance

Illiquidity

If collateral can’t be liquidated during RToken redemption, panic selling may trigger a “bank run.” Exchange prices could collapse, and recovery depends on restoring liquidity and confidence.

Friction

High fees or slow processes make arbitrage unprofitable. Prolonged price gaps can arise, especially during network congestion

Protocol Design

Complex redemptions, high fees, or inefficient liquidation weaken arbitrage effectiveness during stress.

Regulatory Actions

Capital controls or trading restrictions may block on-chain or off-chain trading. If one major exchange fails, price stabilization depends on alternatives.

Extreme Volatility

High volatility deters arbitrage due to slippage or loss risks. Rapid swings can halt stabilization efforts.

Manipulation

Malicious actors could exploit friction to pump and dump, destabilizing markets and eroding trust.

Collateral Devaluation

Collateral devaluation or inaccessibility (e.g., During the SVB collapse, Circle lost access to some USDC reserves) can trigger panic and temporary depegging despite assurances of stability.

Mitigating Risks

1. On-Chain Liquidity

  • Run stress tests to identify system limits.
  • Monitor fees and set thresholds for dynamic pricing to prevent congestion from disrupting arbitrage.
  • Establish clear processes to restore liquidity during crises (e.g., emergency minting or liquidity injections).

2. Off-Chain Activity

  • Track RToken exchanges and liquidity to spot vulnerabilities.
  • Assess security before listing on new platforms.

3. Technical Monitoring

  • Identify early signs of smart contract vulnerabilities, protocol congestion, or governance issues.
  • Automate alerts for unusual activity.
  • Follow market sentiment on monitoring channels.

4. Regulatory Awareness

  • Monitor regulatory shocks and diversify listings.
  • Engage policymakers to understand emerging regulations.

5. Volatility Metrics

  • Track exchange price deviations, redemption delays, and collateral liquidity.
  • Use automated responses, like increased redemption incentives, to stabilize prices.

Conclusion

Arbitrage is key to maintaining the RToken peg, but risks like illiquidity, friction, regulation, and volatility can disrupt it. Mitigation through liquidity prioritization, monitoring, and proactive responses enhances stability and preserves the peg under stress.

This article is part of a series on the Reserve Protocol:
Notes on the Reserve Protocol — Governance
Notes on the Reserve Protocol — Arbitrage (current)